Friday, October 03, 2008

Junia Among the Apostles

After my criticism of Fr. Hunwicke's blog article about the Eucharist, I am happy that the latest issue of Touchstone features a review that comes from the Fr. Hunwicke I have long respected. This is from the current issue, and is one of the articles that the editors elected to make available online (we only post about two from each issue. You have to buy Touchstone to get all the others. So, to be fair to my Touchstone colleagues, I have included the subscription link).

Since it is available online, I am allowed post it here as well. That way we can also discuss it.

Junia Among the Apostles

The Story Behind a New Testament Saint & the Egalitarian Agenda

Junia—The First Woman Apostle
by Eldon Jay Epp
Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2005
(138 pages, $16.00, paperbook)

A review by John Hunwicke

In this important work, Epp investigates the mysterious disappearance of Junia from the traditions of the church. Because later theologians and scribes could not believe (or wanted to suppress) that Paul had numbered a woman among the earliest churches’ apostles, Junia’s name was changed in Romans 16:7 to a masculine form . . . calling Junia an apostle seemed too much for the tradition. Epp tracks how this happened in New Testament manuscripts, scribal traditions and translations of the Bible. In this thoroughgoing study, Epp restores Junia to her rightful place.

Thus the publisher’s press release introducing Eldon Jay Epp’s book, Junia—The First Woman Apostle. And thus our minds are transported back to an ancient fantasy world which by now we know extremely well; a sinister world of oppressive patriarchy; a world in which cunning and manipulative ecclesiastics falsify records to eliminate whatever threatens their status or their prejudices; a Dan Brownish or Elaine Pagelsish world of truths concealed for centuries, of cowled, conspiratorial monkish scribes in dark and mysterious cells busily destroying evidence.

Poor Epp must have been very distressed and embarrassed if he read this passage, because, to be fair to him, his book is not at all about scribes suppressing the fact that Junia was a woman. It is not at all about tracking how this happened in manuscripts. And, so far from giving Tradition a walloping, Epp in fact demonstrates that Tradition, and the New Testament manuscripts, got Junia’s gender right.

Linda Belleville, only months before Epp’s book was published, made most of the same points as he does, and came to the same conclusions in a rather less pompously written article, which is a much better read ( New Testament Studies [ NTS] 2005). She prefaced her work with a decidedly less tendentious argumentum than the one dreamt up by Epp’s publishers: “Christian tradition from the Old Latin and Vulgate versions and the early Greek and Latin fathers onwards affirms and lauds a female apostle. Yet modern [my emphasis] scholarship has not been comfortable. . . .” (Epp’s book justifies part of his own description of it as “lengthy and tedious”; I write “part” because I do not want to contradict all of Beverly Gaventa’s claim in her Foreword that it is “slender and important.”)

Source of the Sex Change

Most readers will probably know the main facts about Junia, her gender, and the continuing controversy about whether she was “an apostle.” She occurs, linked with Andronicus, in Romans 16:7 as one of many recipients of St. Paul’s greetings as he writes to recommend himself to the Christians of Rome, and she does so in a Greek accusative Iounian. Depending on what sort of accent you put on it, the corresponding nominative can be either Iounias (masculine) or Iounia (feminine).

So which accent do the early manuscripts have? Neither; because early manuscripts lack all accents. As soon as accents started to be added to Greek texts, the feminine accent was added; and as soon as the invention of printing made mass production possible, the feminine accent was that chosen by editors.

As far as translations are concerned, the Latin Vulgates give either Juniam or Juliam, a manifestly feminine name; and the sixteenth-century English translations, including the Authorized Version and the Roman Catholic version from Rheims, regarded the name as feminine. Belleville and Epp show that the overwhelming number of writers and commentators in the first Christian millennium and a half believed St. Paul was addressing a female Junia; and like Burer and Wallace, whose 2001 NTS article (arguing that Junia was not an apostle) ignited the present phase of this controversy, they agree that the feminine form of the name is overwhelmingly more probable (or, to use Eppspeak, certain).

So how did the idea get around that the female Junia was really a male Junias? Perhaps a monkish hand can, after all, be detected in this; the ex-Augustinian Martin Luther seems to have set this ball rolling. It is probably due to him that some north European Protestant translations went for “Junias” (masculine), while versions in Spain and Italy, where the dead repressive hand of Romish tyranny had more influence, stayed with “Junia” (feminine). But even despite Luther’s influence, with only one exception, Greek New Testaments down to 1927 continued to give her the feminine accent. Yes! Even through the dark oppressive decades of Victorian patriarchy, Junia’s femaleness remained unproblematic as far as editors were concerned.

Who, then, is guilty of the sex change? Stand up the thirteenth (1927) edition of Nestle: the standard Greek Testament beloved of twentieth-century “scientific” and “modern” biblical scholarship! Again—Yes! Not Dark Age monks; not obscurantist popes; not medieval misogynist conspirators; not pre-Enlightenment bigots; it is the brightest and the best of liberal European and North American modern scholarship that took a reconstructive scalpel to Junia’s groin. All subsequent Greek Testaments, including the influential United Bible Society editions, slavishly followed the obviously infallible magisterium of the younger Nestle without qualm or hesitation.

The only printings of the Greek Bible between 1927 and 1994 which allowed Junia to retain her feminine gender were those which consciously reproduced the Textus Receptus, that is, the old “pre-critical” text based on “late” and “poor” manuscripts and used in Byzantine Christendom; a text long despised by most of the confident exponents of Modern Scholarship. (My own mentor in New Testament textual criticism, the great eclecticist George Kilpatrick, believed that “TR” was as useful a text-type as any other; and, back then in the 1960s, what a lonely furrow he seemed to be plowing in making even as modest a claim as that.)

Bias & Emphasis

The best part of Epp’s book is the section in which he demonstrates how devoid of evidence, how motivated by untested assumptions and culpably lazy gut prejudice, was the assumption of so many of the big names in modern liberal biblical scholarship that Iounia(s) must have been a male. He writes, with all the naïve surprise of the earnest liberal, about a “pervasive sociocultural bias that has operated in New Testament textual criticism and exegesis for an entire century of what we might have regarded as the period of our most modern, liberal, and detached scholarly enquiry.”

Entertainingly, Epp fails to realize that he may be sawing off the branch upon which he is himself sitting. If the self-confidence of twentieth-century scholars who loved to undermine the authority both of Scripture and of the Great Tradition, on the basis of their own ephemeral and careless theorizing, was so ill-conceived, so time-conditioned, one might wonder at his own and his publishers’ unworried assurance to us that he has written a “definitive” “last word” on the subject he treats; and, a fortiori, at the implication (writ large from his dedication page onwards) that his discoveries drive reliably towards a more “egalitarian” polity in both church and society.

Eighty-five of his 98 pages deal with what is largely undisputed and was believed by nearly every scribe, church father, and Bible reader before the sixteenth century: that the person St. Paul greets was a woman and that she was called Junia. A mere thirteen pages are devoted to the unresolved and far more important questions: Was she an apostle; and, if so, what does the word “apostle” mean in her case? Could Epp here be guilty of an intentional suggestio falsi? The incautious and impressionable reader, picking up his book and seeing that so much plodding erudition is displayed to prove the one point, may assume that all you need to show is that Junia was a woman, and then you can at once move rejoicing into the broad sunlit uplands of Feminism and Mrs. Jefferts Schori. Look at the last paragraph of his Preface if you do not believe me.

A Question of Status

But first, there is the curious question of whether Romans 16 really is part of Romans. Until comparatively recently it was one of the favorite certainties of the fashionable, dominant school of Modern Biblical Scholarship that the New Testament books are riddled with interpolations. The last couple of chapters of Romans were commonly dismissed, on what always seemed to me wholly frivolous grounds, as not part of the original text. Indeed, Epp argues that textual critics may need to abandon the search for a single “original text,” and appears to leave it open whether we should “exegete” Romans with or without chapter 16.

I, too, have long felt that in a culture where orality is dominant, the concept of an “original text” may be misleading when dealing with the Gospels and Acts; papyrological advances have suggested a similar caution with regard to the text of Homer. (Incidentally, Epp’s discussion here subverts—and rightly—the cheerful schoolboy confidence with which the United Bible Societies editions highlight “certain” readings with the letter A.) But I do rather incline to Beverly Gaventa’s feeling in her Foreword that there must have been a text of St. Paul’s letter that Phoebe held in her hand and delivered to Rome.

However that may be, it is curious that Epp does not devote a couple of dozen pages to discussing a point so basic to his thesis as the status of Romans 16; and, all the more so, since he can find space to argue (in detail but on the basis of similarly slender evidence) that 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 is an interpolation into what he (apparently now conforming to what he has earlier disdainfully called “the old ‘canons of criticism’”) seems to regard as an Original Text of 1 Corinthians. Or perhaps this is not so curious when one recalls that while the latter passage appears to exhort women to be silent in church, Romans 16, which mentions a large number of women, has provided fertile ground for feminist writers.

What a shame St. Paul never gave Junia a puff in Ephesians; had he done so, that letter would undoubtedly have been shifted out of the “pseudonymous” category to which much Modern Scholarship has consigned it, and would now be held up as central to the Pauline corpus. As it is, Epp asserts without argument that Ephesians and Colossians (being in his eyes unsatisfactory on gender matters) are “deutero-Pauline” and that 1 Timothy (2:8–15 does not suit him) “from the customary critical standpoint, is the composition of a later Paulinist.” Really? And would that be the same sort of Customary Critical Standpoint as the one that led Nestle and his uncritical followers to award Junia an accentual penis?

I am not a “fundamentalist”; I have no problems with the concept of New Testament pseudepigraphy (although I have never followed the unargued but common assumption that judgments in this field have an adverse effect upon the canonicity of the documents concerned). What does set me wondering is the immediate and sometimes hysterical uproar occasioned by possible discoveries that sit uncomfortably with the Customary Critical Standpoint.

Anthony Kenny’s A Stylometric Study of the New Testament, arguing that, in respect of 96 stylistic features, Ephesians, Colossians, and both the Timothies are closer to Romans than 1 Corinthians is (Titus being the only stylistically rogue member of the corpus), never seemed to get onto many undergraduate reading lists. And a plausible claim that papyrological evidence might date 1 Timothy to before A.D. 70 inspired comparatively few writers even to trouble to refute it. Skeat’s codicological researches into the formation of the New Testament Canon received little notice, despite their revolutionary implications. Our culture is one in which any new theory, fantasy, or piece of potential evidence that appears to cast doubt on the authenticity of traditional Christianity is welcomed and is sold on to the secular media within hours; anything that might run the risk of bolstering it is buried. Now there’s a real conspiracy.

Philology & Common Sense

Andronicus and Junia were episemoi en tois apostolois; does this mean distinguished among the apostles or merely well known to the apostles? Epp’s treatment of this central question is light and unimpressive.

Preliminaries are in order. This is not entirely a matter of the highest philology; a fair bit of it is nearer what we call Common Sense. “ X is well known/renowned/notorious among Y”: This can have two meanings— inclusive, where X is a member of the class of objects Y; and exclusive, where X is not a Y. But it is often far from clear whether a particular statement is inclusive, exclusive, or both.

“The New York Times is well known among politicians”: That is quite clear; the newspaper is not itself a politician and so the sense is exclusive—politicians know the newspaper well.

However, take “Condoleeza Rice is well known among politicians.” Surely, this can bear the implications both that other politicians know Dr. Rice well (“exclusive”) and that the world at large knows her well as belonging to the category “politician” (“inclusive”). Because both propositions are true, we probably will not often need to try to distinguish.

If we were to distinguish, we would need information external to the proposition itself. Consider three examples. (1) “William the Conqueror is well known among historians.” Since (external information) we assume that the Bastard was not a historiographer, it is fairly clear that this means “Historians know William well.” (2) “Mephistopheles McPherson is well known among historians.” Because you do not know whether M.M. is or is not a historian, you will not know whether this is meant inclusively or exclusively unless I tell you, thereby giving you additional information external to the statement. (3) “Winston Churchill is well known among historians.” I think you will need to search in the wider context that contains this statement (external information) before you know whether this is meant inclusively or exclusively; after all, Churchill did write history (so the statement could be inclusive), and he is, as a well-known world leader, an appropriate object for the attention of historians (so it could be exclusive).

I suspect that these considerations account for the fact that Burer and Wallace on the one hand, and Belleville on the other, come so easily to different conclusions about some of the evidence they discuss. Sometimes, indeed, external information is available, as in the case of Euripides’ Hippolytus 103: “Yet she [Aphrodite] is revered and famous among mortals”; we know that the sense must be exclusive because we know that Aphrodite is not a mortal. (It seems a little unfair for Euripides’ evidence to be dismissed as a bit too early for comparison with Romans by writers who are willing to rely heavily on some words of Chrysostom; is he not a bit too late?) More often, matters are less clear because external information—or, if you like, context—is lacking.

Plausibility Problems

It seems to me hard to reconstruct a plausible and natural context in which this usage, in Romans 16:7, can be inclusive. St. Paul has carefully associated Andronicus and Junia with himself as fellow Jews ( suggeneis) and fellow captives ( sunaikhmalotous; he is very fond of compounds with sun); if they were apostles, it would be natural for him to go on to describe them as fellow apostles ( sunapostolous), or (cf. Romans 1:5) as sugkoinonous tes autes kharitos kai apostoles hes kago, but he does not.

And Belleville’s discussion has led her to a conclusion that many on both sides of this argument may feel creates more problems for her than it solves. She finds herself obliged to translate episemos in a passage of Lucian as “most distinguished,” and to attach this rendering to Andronicus and Junia (“most distinguished among the apostles”).

But can they really have been that high up in apostolic circles? That they were real, pukka apostles, fully paid-up members of the club, might be demonstrable. But “ most distinguished”? Senior or equal to the stuloi and dokountes of the Jerusalem Church? This couple who, on the most favorable estimate, occur once in the middle of a list and have left in history and tradition no other evidence of their existence, still less of their apostleship, and least of all of their leading role in the apostolic group? Are Calendar makers really now to give them an entry at the same liturgical rank as St. Peter? And (to return to Romans 16:7), we may wonder why St. Paul, instead of merely saying that they became Christians before he did, does not say that these “most distinguished” apostles had attained apostleship before himself (cf. Galatians 1:17).

Oddest of all, for Belleville’s and Epp’s views, are Junia’s place in the middle of a list and the way her status apparently needs to be expressed and yet seems to be tossed aside in passing. If she is an apostle—nay more, one of the two “most distinguished” apostles—then Romans 16 is rather like a letter I might write sending greetings to my fellow Anglicans in America which ran, “. . . and give my best wishes to Tom, Dick, and Harry, to Molly, Mildred, and Maureen, to Katharine Jefferts Schori—she’s a primate in the Anglican Communion, y’ know—to Phil, Jill, and Jack. . . .” Or like a list of political friends in which, sandwiched between Uncle Donald and Auntie Condie, we suddenly found “and say hullo to Dubya: y’ know, he’s a pretty well known head of state.”

The scenario we are asked to accept is just downright improbable to anybody who tries to see the wood rather than merely taking a microscope to a little bit of bark on one of the trees.

Context & a Dilemma

Epp, among other writers on Junia, seems to need to steer clear of anything too detailed about the contextual purpose of Romans 16. But this does not prevent him, in a footnote, from challenging his critics to supply a context. So I will stick my neck out and do so. St. Paul intends, I believe, to visit Rome so that the Roman Christians may help him on his way to preach the gospel to the rest (the western half) of the world. Just as he had needed the koinonia of the Philippians to support his mission in the East, he needs Roman sponsorship in the West.

But the Jewish members of the Roman Church, in frequent contact with Antioch and Jerusalem, may have heard ill of St. Paul, especially as the result of intemperate expressions such as those in Galatians (“If they’re so keen on circumcision, why don’t they just cut the whole thing off?”). So he expresses his views more moderately in Romans, makes a “collection” among his Gentile converts by which to commend himself to Jewish or Judaized Christians, and compiles a list of Christians in Rome who are influential and know him and may be prepared to speak well of him; whose judgment may carry weight with those Roman Christians possibly suspicious of Paul as an apostate from Judaism. In this context, it helps his case to assure the Roman Christians that Andronicus and Junia are extremely highly regarded by the apostles, using that term in the same sense as he had in Galatians 1:19 to refer to the senior members of the Jerusalem Church.

Not, of course, that this is the only way in which the term “apostle” is used either in Paul or in the rest of the New Testament. If it does mean “leader of the Jerusalem Church,” it seems odd that a couple apparently resident in Rome are among “the most distinguished” leaders at Jerusalem. Epp in fact spends but a page and a footnote in skating over this matter. Belleville records the speculation of some Latins that Andronicus and Junia may have been among the Seventy-two who were sent out by the Lord, although this hardly puts them in the top league (“most distinguished”) of apostles.

Those who, believing her to be an apostle, are concerned to maximize the status of Junia, appear to be on the horns of a dilemma. Either they can make her out to be a leading apostle in a maximal sense of that word, together with Peter, James, John, and Paul—in which case they have a major problem explaining her almost-invisibility in the records; or they can assign to her an apostleship in a minimal sense of that term, perhaps like that of Epaphroditus in Philippians 2:25—in which case, they have not proved anything that will be of much use to them in their sociocultural agenda.

The Fathers whom Epp and Belleville list as regarding Junia as an apostle do not seem—despite the fact that “something of a women’s liberation movement [was] at work . . . at the turn of the millennium” but disappeared “in succeeding centuries”—to have been in the least worried by her and her status. I know of no suggestion that she was regarded as one of the New Patriarchy of Twelve upon which the Lord founded his New People, nor that Tradition assigned to a female Junia a role of founding apostle-bishop of one of the churches.

If it had, it is not easy to see how St. Ignatius could have so easily assumed and asserted that the episkopos was the tupos tou patros, Image of the Father. In an age (we are told) of growing misogyny, in which sacerdotium was confined to men, nobody, as Gaventa admits, seems to have been either aware of, or in the least disconcerted by, any reflection that Junia subverts this restriction.

It is true that the women mentioned in the New Testament afford a legitimate and interesting field for study, and do bear witness to the divine givenness of the leadership roles of so many women in the church of every age. But has not the church of our own day been given Blessed Teresa of Calcutta? And what about Mother Angelica, the nun with the television station who won such an amusing victory over her local (liberal) bishop? (“What an outstanding apostle that woman is,” I would cry if I were not afraid of being misunderstood.)

If Junia is needed to validate the “leadership roles” of such women as these, then good luck to her. But there are no reasons for seeing Junia and her status as having any relevance to the question of the admission of women to the presbyteral or episcopal priesthood of the ancient churches, in which the sacerdos images the Father and is the Bridegroom of his church. Whether it has or has not any bearing upon the admission of women to the non-sacerdotal ministries of the Reformation tradition, I would not presume to discuss.

Gynophile Gospel

Epp’s general agenda is clear, even if its every term is not spelled out. From the programmatic dedication to his grandsons (“May they live in a more egalitarian world”) to his concluding rhetoric (the “significant and regrettable [and] unnecessary alienation of women”), the subtext is of change. Since all the mainstream liberal Protestant sects have, for some decades, been enthusiastically committed to the fullest incorporation of women into ministries both liturgical and nonliturgical, it is difficult to construe his purpose in terms other than as a determination to carry his gynophile gospel into the last resisting redoubts; the Catholic and Orthodox Churches and any surviving biblical Protestant communities.

His influence is clear in a paper written in 2006 by a brace of English Anglican bishops. David Stancliffe (Salisbury) and Tom Wright (Durham) felt the need to attack a paper by Walter Kasper in which the cardinal had begged the Church of England not to terminate the movement towards communicatio in sacris by admitting women to the episcopate. They followed Epp in his simplistic conviction that the only thing needing to be proved is Junia’s gender. If this is to be established, they claim, “then even Roman tradition might be forced to recognize the possibility that women could be apostles, and therefore presumably could hold ordained ministry in the apostolic succession.” This is quite staggering in its implication that if New Testament women exercised “leadership roles,” this feeds in directly to a conclusion that women be ordained to priestly ministries.

For nearly two millennia, women have unashamedly (and laudably) exercised “leadership roles” in the Church, but nobody in all the centuries before Epp’s generation was clever enough to spot that this points to their call to ministerial priesthood. Recent popes have made powerful women saints “doctors of the Church” or “patrons of Europe” without—the pontifical simpletons!—apparently realizing that these actions logically imply that women can be called to episkope. Most Christians for some eighteen hundred years have regarded Junia as a woman, without its for one moment occurring to their confused minds that this makes her some sort of proof of, or paradigm for, women in the sacerdotal ministry of the Catholic Church.

The conviction that all you need to do is to prove that Junia was a woman (which the Tradition had in any case overwhelmingly asserted until modern liberal scholarship decided it knew better) in order to demonstrate the need to expunge the semiotics of gender from the theology of priesthood, simply shows that Epp and his running dogs have not begun to understand what the discussion is all about.

Junia’s life, in the last decade or so, has been a rich and fulfilling one. After being rescued from the sexually ambivalent embraces of Erwin Nestle, she has been an associate of St. Mary Magdalene in the kipper trade; with her, she met Jesus when he was working as a healer, during his Year Out, in the spa at Tiberias; probably (like so many women clergy) a divorcee, she has ditched Chouza and acquired Andronicus as her “partner” (the term is Gaventa’s), changed her name, and helped to found a Church in Rome.

We are clearly in a new age of rich mythopoeia, worthy to compete with the most imaginative that the medieval cultus of the saints could offer. The fertile need of modern feminism to provide justification and aetiology for its novel dogmas has surpassed the inventiveness even of the hagiographers whose trade it was to promote pilgrimages, shrines, and relics. What a jocose lady Clio must be.

John Hunwicke is the former Head of Theology at Lancing College in England and is now Senior Research Fellow and Pusey House, Oxford.

“Junia Among the Apostles”

first appeared in the October, 2008

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27 comments:

Fr. Robert Hart said...

By the way, I see that he uses the other title for my great great great...grandfather, William the Conqueror: "The Bastard." Let it be known, William is known by that title for two very good reasons.

Alice C. Linsley said...

In Orthodoxy Photini, the Samaritan Woman who spoke face to face with Jesus at the Well is regarded as "equal to the Apostles" so I hardly think that apostleship is the issue here.

If Apostleship is viewed as synonymous with the order of Priests, we do have a problem, of course.

Anonymous said...

Clearly, there are Apostles and then there are apostles.

Anonymous said...

Alice, isn't St Mary Magdalene also Equal to the Apostles?

Of course, the purveyors of the hermeneutic of suspicion have made much of her.

Albion Land said...

What a delight to read -- from the scholarship to the style. I could happily manage some Hunwicke every day.

But he has me puzzled with his exposition of the gender question in the Greek. Perhaps one of you Greek scholars out there can help me.

Hunwicke says Junia appears in "a Greek accusative Iounian. Depending on what sort of accent you put on it, the corresponding nominative can be either Iounias (masculine) or Iounia (feminine). So which accent do the early manuscripts have? Neither; because early manuscripts lack all accents."

My Greek is limited to the modern form, so I am curious about what accents are being referred to here.

Alice C. Linsley said...

Apostleship is not synonymous with the priesthood. None of the 12 Apostles were priests, yet all regarded the priesthood as sacred and came to believe that Jesus Christ is God's chosen High Priest.

The Greek word "apostolos” and the English word “missionary” are related. An apostle is one sent forth as a faithful representative of the one who sends. One fails to be an apostle if he willfully misrepresents Jesus Christ. A priest is still a priest if he willfully misrepresents Christ, but the Church disciplines and inhibits such a priest from performing priestly duties.

In St. Paul's listing of the most important offices of the Church, the priesthood is not mentioned. Here St. Paul breaks from the ancient worldview in which he was steeped. Why? Asking why helps us to understand what God has done In Christ Jesus.

The ancient world was not like ours. There was a strict stratification of roles and classes and it was virtually impossible to change one’s status. One married within one’s caste and the castes were viewed as having been established by God or the gods. We see this in the hierarchical order idealized in Plato’s Republic and in the caste system of Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions.

In the Hindu RigVeda (1000 B.C.) and in the Laws of Manu (about 250 B.C.) four castes are elaborated as the primeval divine creation. Today so many sub-castes exist under these four that it is difficult for a Hindu to know who is one’s equal or one superior. This is why most Hindus are not concerned with what to believe as with who they may marry, what they may eat, and with whom they may eat. Hindus believe that this caste system represents the divine body. The Rig Veda says:

His mouth became the Brahman. (Priest class)
His arms became the Kshatriya. (Warrior and ruler class)
His thighs are the Vaisya. (Artisans and farmer class)
The Sudra was produced from his feet. (Lowest caste and untouchables)

This view of sacred appointments is not unique to Hinduism. It was a common belief in the ancient world and St. Paul assumes stratification to be part of God's orderly design. So he explains that the Church is the mystical Body of Christ and each of us a part of His Body. His analogy of arms and legs, with Christ as the head, draws on a tradition older than Paul and his contemporaries. The Church is the Body of Christ, a new creation ushered in by the Messianic age. This new creation has a different order of laborers appointed by God. In First Corinthians 12:27-30, Paul explains, “Now Christ’s body is yourselves, each of you with a part in the whole. And those whom God has appointed in the Church are…

First – apostles
Second – prophets
Third – teachers
Fourth – healers, miracle workers

In the early Church women were numbered among all these.

Fr. Robert Hart said...

This is very rare, but I must disagree with two points made by Alice Linsley.

Apostleship is not synonymous with the priesthood. None of the 12 Apostles were priests, yet all regarded the priesthood as sacred and came to believe that Jesus Christ is God's chosen High Priest.

The Tradition of the Church has always derived the Episcopal and Priestly offices from the Apostles themselves (Deacons being appointed by the Apostles rather than directly by Christ, as we see in the Book of Acts).* Also, see I Peter 5:1, where the Apostle wrote, "The elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an elder, and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, and also a partaker of the glory that shall be revealed." The word "elder" is in fact the word that was used for the order of priests by the Church (πρεσβύτερος, presbyteros). In fact, the word used by Peter to describe himself is a form of that same word that means fellow-elder (συμπρεσβύτερος, sympresbyteros). Because the Presbytery offers the Eucharistic sacrifice we see the full concept of priesthood in that office, and that full concept includes pastoral and teaching ministry.

First – apostles
Second – prophets
Third – teachers
Fourth – healers, miracle workers

In the early Church women were numbered among all these.


The above article by Fr. Hunwicke tells why it is wrong to conclude that the only verse that mentions her places Junia among the apostles as one of them. There is no woman in the scripture who has the office of Apostle. References to some women as "apostles" by early Church writers are obviously not referring to the apostolic office, such as those who called Mary Magdalene "apostle to the apostles," because she was the first to tell them of Christ's resurrection. That was a poetic usage.

*Nonetheless, the Apostolic laying on of hands comes from the Aaronic priesthood, and so the Deacons were, by implication, genuinely ordained, and were also an extension of the Apostolic ministry.

Alice C. Linsley said...

No doubt that the Church, especially in the West, derives the episcopal and priestly offices from the Apostles. In so doing, something of the specific and extraordinary nature of the sacerdotal priesthood is lost. It is misleading to equate presbyteros (elders) and the sacerdotal priesthood of the Old Testament.

This discussion certainly needs to take place as it touches on Christology, since all of the Scriptures point to Messiah as both Lamb and High Priest of God and tell of the efficacy of HIS blood alone.

Church tradition tells us that women can't be priests because from the beginning (and this is a very ancient office) the sacredotal priesthood was reserved for men. If this means that women can't be apostles, we have a conflict with the facts and with the tradition of Orthodoxy which recognizes some women as equal to the Apostles. While I recognize that the phrase 'equal to' is not to say 'the same as', the equality is in the nature of their service as Messengers and Martyrs (at least in the case of Photini).

Fr. John said...

And the superior office encompasses the inferior one. The office of an Apostle encompasses both presbyter and deacon. Indeed the Apostles had been functioning as deacons until they created deacons to relieve them of this service which had grown to unmanageable proportions.

Fr. John said...

And I might add that our priests today are functioning as deacons. Any priest who reads the gospel or administers the chalice is functioning as a deacon.

Please God, give us more deacons.

Fr. Robert Hart said...

Alice Linsley wrote:

No doubt that the Church, especially in the West, derives the episcopal and priestly offices from the Apostles. In so doing, something of the specific and extraordinary nature of the sacerdotal priesthood is lost. It is misleading to equate presbyteros (elders) and the sacerdotal priesthood of the Old Testament.

Again, with respect I must disagree.

I would like to avoid adding to the perceived differences between East and West, as the list exceeds reality already. We need to recognize the offices that come from the Apostles, and therefore continue through the Apostolic Succession of bishops (not that we can afford to forget other ministries of the whole Body of Christ). No woman has ever had the office of Apostle; and the Patristic statements that mention equality of some women to the Apostles is due to the high regard the Church gives those individuals as saints, and in the case of Mary Magdalene, as a witness to the resurrection, as therefore a messenger to the Apostles.

The word "priest" in English comes from Presbyter, which means elder by definition. To fully appreciate the Christian meaning of the elder we must include the priestly ministry of Eucharistic sacrifice; and this is because only the presbyter can stand in for the bishop at the altar. The scriptural name for that office is presbyter, having in the New Testament a specific official (as in the word "office") designation.

(Also, the Old Testament priest did more than offer sacrifice. The Torah assigns him to judge and to teach. "For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at his mouth: for he is the messenger of the LORD of hosts." Malachi 2:7)

Church tradition tells us that women can't be priests because from the beginning (and this is a very ancient office) the sacredotal priesthood was reserved for men.

Yes, but: The scriptures give a clear teaching about headship too. The patriarchal nature of the Church is clearly taught in those passages that speak about the character of the sacred ministry, that is the three Holy Orders (I Tim. 3, and Titus 1:5-9). Along with priestly sacrifice we must place fatherhood as an essential feature of Holy Orders. The bishop, the priest and the deacon, according to Paul's instructions to Timothy and Titus, must be a good father to his family because his office requires him to be a father in and to the Church.

In fact, I have disagreed with Frederica Matthews-Green when she has written that it is only at the altar that the priest has his special and unique role. The idea of limiting the priestly role to the ministry of the altar is not taught in the Tradition, and therefore it is not found in Scripture.

I have written about this before.
http://anglicancontinuum.blogspot.com/2007/01/priesthood-and-church.html

Fr.John wrote:

Indeed the Apostles had been functioning as deacons until they created deacons to relieve them of this service which had grown to unmanageable proportions.

Excellent point.

Also, every priest and every bishop is also a deacon for life, for that too is indelible.

Warwickensis said...

Fr. Hart wrote:Also, every priest and every bishop is also a deacon for life, for that too is indelible.

Indeed, and every priest was a layman first. That has an indelible character as well, lest priests (none here) become too inflated that they forget their confraternity with their congregations.

Alice C. Linsley said...

If the priesthood is indelible as an ontological reality, what is the eternal verity reflected in this Form? It can’t be the Apostles or apostolic ministry. It can only be the eternal Christ, who is one with the Father and the Spirit.

When Orthodoxy speaks of Photini, the Samaritan Woman at the Well, as "equal to the Apostles" this is not poetic usage. Orthodoxy is not saying that Photini was one of the original Apostles. Orthodox tradition is here recognizing another category: women who are equals in apostolic (but not priestly) ministry. Orthodoxy recognizes other categories as well: confessors, martyrs, holy women, prophets, etc.

I want to make the point that the ordinance of the Priesthood is not derived from the Apostles, though apostolic succession through the laying on of hands is part of the proper ordination of priests. The priesthood, according to St. John Chrysostom, "is ranked among heavenly ordinances. And this is only right, for no man, no angel, no archangel, no other created power, but the Paraclete himself ordained this succession..." (On the Priesthood, 1977, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, p. 70).

That St. Paul does not list the sacerdotal priest among the orders of the Church should not surprise us. If Hebrews represents the Apostle's thought, the priesthood of the Old Testament was once and for all fulfilled in Jesus Christ, God's chosen High Priest, who was also God's spotless Lamb. The priest in the Church is the continuous link to the priesthood established by God in the order of Melchizedek. It represents something much older than the office of Apostle and should be guarded. Guarding it requires not confusing this extraordinary and particular office with the office of elder (presbyteros) which is not specific to blood sacrifice and to the work of the altar.

I can appreciate why the New Testament writers use the word 'presbyteros' instead of 'hieros' with its pagan associations. However, the writer of Hebrews does not regard 'presbyteros' to be the correct term when speaking of Jesus Christ as God’s High Priest. Instead he uses the term 'hieros' (Hebrews 7.26).

Fr. John said...

"Why, Presbyter is but priest writ large."

John Milton

Also said to be quoted by Oliver Cromwell when the Calvinists approached him at the end of the English Civil War for their portion of the spoils.

Fr. John said...

I would love to expound at length on the whole issue and idea of "equality," but I haven't got the time.

I will say it is overrated, misunderstood, and desired by many for all the wrong reasons.

God's creation is hierarchical. There is an essential equality of all humanity in our relationship with and to God, but it does not extend in our relations with each other.

The Devil chafes at the idea that he is not equal to God. He thinks such an equality is a natural right that belongs to him by nature and God has wronged him by withholding it.

To add insult to injury, God has made Himself a blood relation of man through the incarnation. Now Satan is expected to bow to a mere man, in the person of Jesus.

Socialists and leftists of all stripes will understand and be sympathetic to Satan in his struggle for equality.

Alice C. Linsley said...

I've no disagreement with Father Hart's observation: "Most Christians for some eighteen hundred years have regarded Junia as a woman, without its for one moment occurring to their confused minds that this makes her some sort of proof of, or paradigm for, women in the sacerdotal ministry of the Catholic Church.

The conviction that all you need to do is to prove that Junia was a woman (which the Tradition had in any case overwhelmingly asserted until modern liberal scholarship decided it knew better) in order to demonstrate the need to expunge the semiotics of gender from the theology of priesthood, simply shows that Epp and his running dogs have not begun to understand what the discussion is all about."

Trying to force facts into one's socio-religious agenda, only leads to more confusion.

Anonymous said...

Alice said: "Trying to force facts into one's socio-religious agenda, only leads to more confusion."

or a PhD, or an academic promotion . . . (as long as it's the currently fashionable agenda, of course).

Fr. Robert Hart said...

Alice Linsley:

I understand the need to recognize the charismatic ministry of the whole Body of Christ, and to recognize within that the specific gifts of ordained ministry. But, it is very problematic to separate priesthood from eldership since the priestly office is the office of presbyter. In the Church every man ordained a presbyter is ordained to celebrate at the altar, and to teach the people, as well as to absolve sins, to bless etc. The charism of Absolution is, of course, as priestly in nature as offering the Eucharistic sacrifice (based on the typology of the Aaronic model of the Kohan).

The fact that these same functions belong to the same office does, however, make eldership and priesthood inseparable in the sacrament of Holy Orders. An exact line of separation becomes impossible, for then the man is separated from himself.

In fact, no one would argue with this paragraph that you wrote:

If the priesthood is indelible as an ontological reality, what is the eternal verity reflected in this Form? It can’t be the Apostles or apostolic ministry. It can only be the eternal Christ, who is one with the Father and the Spirit.

That is, no one would argue if by this you mean to say that the priesthood does not have its origin in the Apostles themselves instead of Christ. Rather, the Church has always seen the entire ordained ministry as Christ's own, and therefore the priesthood as Christ's priesthood. However, because it comes sacramentally through Apostolic Succession we can say it is derived from Apostolic ministry. This is not a self-contradiction, however, because Apostolic ministry is the ministry of Christ, and worked by the Holy Spirit as charismatic and supernatural. Because the charismatic reality of Holy Orders comes from Christ it transcends, as he does, the distinction between the offices of priest and prophet.

"Wherefore, holy brethren, partakers of the heavenly calling, consider the Apostle and High Priest of our profession, Christ Jesus." Heb. 3:1

"For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls." I Pet.2:25

Christ transcends these distinctions, all of which manifested aspects of his own ministry. Holy Orders is always, therefore, apostolic, prophetic, priestly, etc. This is because it is Christ's ministry in a very special way that St. Paul speaks of in II Corinthians. "Now then we are ambassadors for Christ, as though God did beseech you by us: we pray you in Christ's stead, be ye reconciled to God." (II Cor.5:20) This ministry is God's embassy to his own Church, not simply to the world.

Apostolic ministry transcends the old distinctions because Christ transcends them, and gives them to us in three Orders that are unified in their charismatic nature.

Alice C. Linsley said...

I agree that it is problematic to separate priesthood from eldership and can potentially lead to elite groups within the Church (such as exists in Hinduism with Brahmans). I'm not recommending such a step, but to achieve more precision in our Christology, we need precision in our understanding of the priesthood's origins, and that is why I ask these questions.

I'm not sure that Apostolic ministry "transcends" old distinctions. I'm not sure what you mean by this actually. It seems to me that catholic orders must either be one fabric with the pleromic reality of Jesus Christ, or they represent a departure from that reality. I believe they are consistent with the Pleroma, not transcending.

Fr. Robert Hart said...

I am saying that Christ transcends the distinctions, not that he erases them. He is the Apostle, Prophet, Evangelist, Pastor and Teacher, and as the High Priest and Apostle of our calling, it is his complete ministry that is given to the men in Holy Orders.

Unknown said...

I'd just like to point out the nature of the term "Equal to the Apostles." This title is given to someone through whom the gospel is received, particularly of the missionary who brought the gospel to a new people group. The correlation is this: St. Patrick is to Ireland what the Holy Apostle Thomas is to India. Thus, the bestowing of this title is missiological in emphasis. Occasionally, such as in St. Thecla, the missiological emphasis is downplayed and the saint's martyrdom is elevated. However, whether martyr or missionary, the emphasis is the same: the spread of the gospel. In no case with any of those given the title "Equal to the Apostles" is there an emphasis on the priestly role of that person (and many, such as St. Vladimir and St. Helen, have no priestly connection whatsoever).

Alice C. Linsley said...

The priesthood signs Jesus Christ. When the priesthood is made to be many things or is perceived of as a pastor in the Protestant sense, the sign is broken. That is the concern I have on this question.

Suzanne McCarthy said...

For me, the question is not whether women can be ordained. I am personally raised as a Brethren, in the anti-clerical tradition. The question for me is why some translators resist a literal and straight forward translation of Romans 16:7. This is the question I ask myself.

I seem to have missed a part of this article. Was is published without footnotes? The author writes,

episemoi en tois apostolois; does this mean distinguished among the apostles or merely well known to the apostles? Epp’s treatment of this central question is light and unimpressive. Preliminaries are in order. This is not entirely a matter of the highest philology; a fair bit of it is nearer what we call Common Sense. “ X is well known/renowned/notorious among Y”:

However, he does not footnote the meanings "well-known" or "distinguished." I would like to see some recognition of the status of "well-known" as a non-literal and secondary meaning found in the recent Louw and Nida lexicon, while "distinguished" is the traditional and more literal meaning based on the sense of "marked on" or "outstanding."

He suggests that it could mean "well-known to" but does not discuss the fact that in the Vamva Greek NT the εν is replaced by μεταξυ which is unambiguously "among."

Clearly Aphrodite was "distinguished" among mortals. She stood out among mortals as more illustrious and renowned. It is quite correct that while she was not a mortal she stood out among them.

In the same way, for some reason, Andronicus and Junia stood out among apostles. They were renowned as apostles. I would imagine that the apostles were a fairly large group, perhaps those who saw the risen Christ and took their witness to others.

There is no support for episemos en meaning "well-known to" and this has never been suggested by any lexicon to this day.

I would much prefer references for the Greek usage in this article. It cannot be recognized as a serious contribution to the dialogue without footnotes. However, I will be pleasantly surprised if you could point out the references for me.

Fr. Robert Hart said...

Fine. The word is "among." In the sentence it speaks of a reputation among the apostles, not the person among, as in one of them. In their group, this person has this reputation; this does not make the person part of the group. It only speaks of how the apostles regard her. And, frankly, Fr. Hunwicke needs no tutoring in Greek.

I have no clear grasp on why Touchstone stopped having footnotes a few years ago.

Anonymous said...

Thanks so much for responding.

Episemos does not relate to in a literal sense to reputation, but rather to bearing a mark of distinction. It would be useful to have a discussion grounded in Greek and I am sure that the author, whom I don't know, could do this. While the sense may be in some way "well known" the difficulty is that the εν cannot usefully be translated as "to" if the literal sense is "bearing a mark of distinction." Wallace and Burer depend on the collocation of verbs of knowing and perceiving with εν but in Greek there is no verb of knowing and perceiving in this passage. It is disappointing not to see any discussion of this in the above article.

It is clear that if the meaning of episemos is closer to "outstanding" than to "well-known" then Junia is rather likely to be an apostle of some kind.

In this review the author also did not refer to any evidence proffered by Belleville. It is quite extensive.

I am also unaware of any Greek speakers, modern or ancient who disagreed with Junia having the status of apostle. I am not at all sure how this relates to priesthood, perhaps not at all. However, it does relate to leadership and authority. I note that in the Greek orthodox church, a woman may have both of these without any aspirations to the priesthood.

The question is really why some translations are so concerned to provide a non-literal translation of this passage within an otherwise literal translation

Fr. Robert Hart said...

The way to communicate with the author of the article is to write a letter to Touchstone. Fr. Hunwicke will then be given space to reply.

It is obvious that my earlier comment was misunderstood so completely that I must write this one. That was my fault. So, I will be much more clear in what follows.

The point of Fr. Hunwicke's article is clear: None of the ancients, and no one among the traditional churches, ever saw a challenge to the ancient polity of the Church in anything this one verse says or implies. When the article was reviewed I recall that Fr. Patrick Henry Reardon pointed out that even St. John Chrysostom took it to mean Junia was, in some sense, honored with the title apostle. Honored, as in honorary. But, with all due respect for Chrysostom, the KJV translators considered the "status" to be less significant, translating it with "of note among..."

What this most certainly does not relate to is either "leadership and authority" or the related "priesthood" of the presbytery. It clearly was not relevant to the episcopate and the orders that succeed through it.

The obvious point that no one has mentioned is this: "Andronicus and Junia" are mentioned together, which tells me that they must have been husband and wife, like Aquila and Priscilla. This puts Junia in the apostolic company, and is quite consistent with honoring the wife of a priest with the title Presbytera (sometimes among English speaking Orthodox "priestess"). Frankly, this is the most logical way to understand the verse, consistent with scripture and church practice in succeeding ages, and I am surprised that no one has thought of it.

Suzanne McCarthy said...

Frankly, this is the most logical way to understand the verse, consistent with scripture and church practice in succeeding ages, and I am surprised that no one has thought of it.

I think most people thought of it this way. I have no trouble with this one possible interpretation.

I am completely and totally baffled at why anyone bothers to contort the Greek and try to get "well known to the apostles" out of episemoi en apostolois.

My understanding of this article is that this is what Fr. Hunwicke was suggesting. Forgive me if I am wrong but he does spend a considerable part of the article trying to argue this.

It is a further concern that there are now several translations which purport to be literal which include "well known to the apostles." I think this is what Epp is protesting and I concur. This is a product of bias. Let Junia be, "of note among the apostles."

I will not write to Hunwicke. I wrote to Wallace and he said that Burer would respond and Burer does not have time. The translation "well known to the apostles" will stand because there is no motivation to change it back to the most literal and obvious meaning of the text.

Thank you for handling this so graciously. Likely most readers are not aware of how contentious this issue is.